A ina ake amfani da sassan Alloy na Aluminum a cikin Motoci?

A halin yanzu, Amurka, Japan, da Jamus su ne ƙasashen da ke amfani da mafi yawan aluminium don motoci. Misali, Audi A8 da A2 na Volkswagen a Jamus da NXS na Japan suna amfani da kashi 80% na kayan aluminium na jiki. In ban da na aluminium da Shanghai Santana, FAW Audi da Jetta ke amfani da su (dukkan su layin shigo da kayayyaki ne), motocin ƙasata sun fi ja tutoci, kimanin 80-100kg. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa maye gurbin tsarin ƙarfe na gargajiya tare da tsarin gami na aluminium na iya rage ingancin motoci da kashi 30%-40%, injunan masana'antu na iya rage 30%, kuma ƙafafun masana'antu na iya rage 50%. Amfani da allurar aluminium na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin da motoci za su kasance marasa nauyi, abokan muhalli, tanadin kuzari, hanzarta da ingantaccen aiki a cikin sufuri. Sabili da haka, bincike da haɓaka motocin gami na aluminium yanzu ya zama dole. Babban fa'idar allurar aluminium shine nauyi mai nauyi da watsawar zafi mai kyau. Tare da haɓaka fasahar injin, tsarin bawul ɗin ya zama babban ƙirar ƙirar injuna.

Idan aka kwatanta da injin bawul guda biyu, shugaban silinda tare da bawuloli huɗu a kowane silinda yana haifar da zafi fiye da kan silinda tare da bawul biyu a kowane silinda. Yin amfani da siliki na allurar aluminium duka shine mafi kyawun mafita. A halin yanzu, ba kawai piston, radiator, kwanon mai da silinda na sassan injin mota an yi su da aluminium ba, har da kan silinda da crankshaft.

Akwatin kuma yana amfani da wannan kayan. A karkashin halin da ake ciki a yanzu, ya zama al'ada ta yau da kullun don amfani da murfin aluminium maimakon baƙin ƙarfe a cikin injuna. Allon siliki na motocin Faransa ya kai 100%, kuma toshe na silinda na aluminium ya kai 45%. A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, tare da samun nasarar ci gaba mai ƙarfi da ƙimar kayan aikin ƙarfe na aluminium da ci gaba da haɓaka ayyukan masana'antu, za a ƙara amfani da kayan gami na ƙarfe don ƙera irin wannan sassan. Za'a iya rarrabe allo na aluminium na motoci zuwa allurar aluminium da aka yi da naƙasasshen aluminium. Fitar da aluminium na ƙarfe sune aka fi amfani da su a cikin motoci, suna lissafin sama da kashi 80%, waɗanda aka rarrabasu zuwa simintin ƙarfe, ƙananan matsin lamba da sauran sassan simintin na musamman. Abubuwan da aka lalata na aluminium sun haɗa da faranti, foils, kayan da aka fitar, gafara, da dai sauransu Ko da yake akwai wasu bambance -bambance a cikin iri -iri da abun da aka haɗa na kayan aikin ƙarfe na aluminium a ƙasashe daban -daban na duniya, gaba ɗaya iri ɗaya ne. Abun da ya ƙunshi iri -iri: lissafin simintin gyare -gyare na kusan 80%, gafartawa yana lissafin 1%zuwa 3%, sauran kuma kayan sarrafawa ne. Alloy aluminium da aka ƙera yana lissafin babban adadin masana'antar kera motoci ta Amurka, wanda ya kai kashi 36%.

Aikace -aikacen Fitar Alloy Aluminum 

Alloy aluminum gami yana da kyawawan kaddarorin simintin. Za'a iya zaɓar madaidaicin madaidaiciyar hanya da hanyar simintin dacewa gwargwadon buƙatun manufar amfani, siffar sashi, daidaiton girma, yawa, ƙimar inganci, aikin injiniya da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi. An yi amfani da allurar aluminium da yawa don ƙulla shinge na injin injin, ɗawainiyar kamawa, rufin gatari na baya, gidaje na tuƙi, watsawa, jiragen bawul, famfon mai, famfunan ruwa, murfin rocker, ƙafafun, firam ɗin injin, injin birki, silinda da Injin abubuwa kamar diski birki. 

Aluminum Alloy Domin Injin 

Gilashin aluminium da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin injin motoci shine mafi nauyi, gaba ɗaya yana rage nauyi fiye da 30%. Bugu da ƙari, shinge na silinda da kan injin injin yana buƙatar kayan don samun ingantaccen yanayin zafi da ƙarfin juriya mai ƙarfi, kuma aluminium yana da kyawawan halaye a cikin waɗannan fannoni. Don haka, masana'antun kera motoci daban -daban sun gudanar da bincike da haɓaka injin aluminium. A halin yanzu, kamfanonin motoci na kasashen waje da yawa sun karɓi tubalan injinan aluminium da kawunan silinda. Misali, kamfanin General Motors a Amurka ya dauki dukkan layukan silinda na aluminium; Kamfanin kera motoci na faransanci na layin silinda ya kai 100%, kuma tubalan silinda na aluminium sun kai 45%; Nissan VQ na Jafananci da Lexus IMZ-FEV6 na Toyota sun karɓi man injin injin aluminum. Ƙasan harsashi; Sabon injin V6 na injin Chrysler da kan silinda an yi su da kayan gami na aluminium.

Injin din Jamus na Volkswagen na 6.0L W12 na asali an yi shi ne da aluminium-magnesium gami. Audi A8L 6.0 quattro sedan yana amfani da injin W12, wanda ke rage nauyin abin hawa zuwa 1980kg, wanda ya yi ƙasa da duk sauran samfura. Injin W12 yana da karfin doki 450 da 560Nm na ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, don haka ƙarfin dawaƙin sa yana buƙatar haɓaka nauyin nauyin kilo 4.7 kawai, wanda yake kwatankwacin manyan motocin wasanni.

Injin jerin Polaris shine babban injin GM amma ban da jerin injin LS. Ita ce injin V8 na aluminium na farko tare da saman camshafts a Amurka. Gininsa na silinda an yi shi da duk abin da aka yi da aluminium. Injin mai lita 4.6 da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Cadillac yana da matsakaicin ikon 320 horsepower da matsakaicin karfin juyi na 427Nm. Manyan samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin babban jerin V na iya kaiwa har zuwa 476 horsepower/606Nm.

Alloy na Aluminum Domin Hub Wheel 

Allon ƙafafun aluminium a hankali suna maye gurbin ƙafafun ƙarfe saboda nauyin su mai nauyi, watsawar zafi mai kyau, da kyawun surar su. A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, ƙafafun motar allurar mota ta duniya sun yi girma a ƙimar girma na shekara -shekara na 7.6%. Dangane da bincike, ya zuwa shekarar 2010, adadin tsofaffin ɗaliban motoci zai kai kashi 72% zuwa 78%. A365 shine simintin ƙarfe na aluminium, wanda ke da kyawawan kaddarorin simintin gyare -gyare da manyan kaddarorin inji. Irin simintin allurar aluminium a duk faɗin duniya ana samun sa ta wannan nau'in allo. Shuɗin sarrafa Aluminium na Kudu maso Yammacin ƙasata da Kamfanin Haske na Ƙarƙwarar Jafananci, haɗin gwiwa sun haɓaka A6061 ƙafafun ƙarfe na aluminium. Allon ƙafafun Aluminium da aka yi amfani da su a cikin motoci misali ne na aikace -aikacen gami na aluminium zuwa motoci. Kusan duk sabbin samfura suna amfani da ƙafafun alloy na aluminium.

Aikace -aikace na aluminum gami  

Ana amfani da kayan ƙarfe na aluminium da aka lalace musamman a cikin motoci don kera bangarori na jiki kamar ƙofofi da kututtuka, bumpers, murfin injin, mai magana da ƙafa, murfin cibiya, murfin waje na ƙafa, murfin kariya don taron birki, murfin murfi, da birki na kullewa. Sassan gine -gine kamar tsarin birki, masu musayar zafi, firam ɗin jiki, kujeru, da bangarori na ƙasa, da sassan kayan ado kamar dashboards.  

Alloy Aluminum Don Gangunan Jiki    

Yawan aikace -aikacen faranti a cikin motoci yana ci gaba da hauhawa. Misali, jerin 6000 (jerin AI-Mg-Si) faranti na aluminium waɗanda aka bi da zafi (kamar T4, T6, T8) na iya cika buƙatun motoci don bawo. Yi kayan jikin jiki. Sassan jikin ƙarfe na Audi A8 suna ɗaukar wannan jerin kayan aluminium. Bugu da ƙari, jerin 2000 (jerin AI-Cu-Mg), jerin 5000 (jerin AI-Mg) da jerin 7000 (jerin AI-Mg-Zn-Cu) gami da aluminium ana iya amfani da su ga kayan jikin. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da jerin 6000 da jerin abubuwan ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe 7000 don haɓaka faranti na bakin ciki da bayanan martaba a cikin siffar "口", "日", "目" "田", waɗanda ba su da nauyi kawai. , mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, kuma mai kyau a cikin tsayin tsage. , Kuma kyakkyawan aikin gyare -gyare, an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin motoci. 

Sauran Sassan Tsarin Aluminum 

Hakanan ana amfani da gami na aluminium a sauran sassan motar, kamar: General Motors yana amfani da takardar aluminium 7021 don yin shunin ƙarfafawa na mota na mota, Ford yana amfani da takardar aluminium 7021 don yin madaurin ƙarfafawa na mota na Lincoln Town. Hakanan ana amfani da kayan gami na aluminium zuwa sassan dakatarwar mota, wanda ke rage ingancin sassan da suka dace da haɓaka santsi da kwanciyar hankali na tuƙin mota, kamar jakar birki na diski da firam ɗin watsa wutar lantarki wanda aka samar daga gafara 6061. Bugu da ƙari, galibi na aluminium kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin tsarin kwandishan na motoci. Misali, Japan tana amfani da aluminium 6595 don radiyo na mota da radiator firiji.

Aikace -aikacen Sabbin Gilashin Aluminium A Cikin Motoci  

Aluminum Alloy mai ƙarfi mai sauri

A ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarfafawa cikin sauri (ƙimar sanyaya na 104 ～ 109 ℃/S), kayan zai haifar da wasu sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsarin: matsanancin ƙanƙantar da hankali; ƙara m solubility iyaka na gami; abun da ke ciki yana da daidaituwa sosai, ba a rarrabe ko babu rarrabuwa; samuwar sabon daidaiton daidaituwa. Dangane da waɗannan halayen, babu makawa za a yi amfani da kayan ƙarfe na aluminium a cikin masana'antar kera motoci. Kamfanin wutar lantarki na Sumitomo yana amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na PM AI-Si-X maimakon baƙin ƙarfe don kera rotors da ruwan wukake masu ɗimbin iska, da rage nauyin rotor da 60% da nauyin duka. kwampreso da 40%; Kamfanin kera Motocin Yamaha Kamfanin Pampo Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy shima an saka shi a kasuwa. Idan aka kwatanta da baƙin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, wannan piston yana da raguwar nauyi na 20%, tsawon rayuwar 30%, kuma yana rage hayaniya da gurɓatawa sosai; Kamfanin Mota na Mazda yana amfani da allurar Al-Si-Fe-Cu-Mg yana yin sabon nau'in injin rotor, wanda ke inganta ingancin injin kuma zai iya adana mai da kashi 20%.  

Aluminum Matrix Hadedde

Ana amfani da firam ɗin yumbu, wuski, barbashi, da sauransu azaman kayan ƙarfafawa don samar da kayan haɗin gwiwa na aluminium. Ƙarfin ƙarfi na musamman, madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, juriya na zafi, juriya, da dai sauransu an inganta su sosai, kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman sassan injin, kamar ƙarfe na ƙarfe. Nasarar piston Al-Si da aka haɓaka ta ƙarfafawa ta Al2O3 ko SiC (barkono) na iya ƙara inganta ƙarfi, sa juriya, juriya mai zafi da juriya na piston yayin riƙe fa'idodin piston Al-Si. An yi amfani dashi a cikin injunan mota; Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da kayan haɗin gwal na ƙarfe na ƙarfe wanda aka ƙera don ƙera silinda, pistons da sandunan haɗin injunan abin hawa.

Kumfa Alloy Alloy  

Fushin Aluminium abu ne mai raɗaɗi tare da kumfa mai yawa da aka rarraba a cikin matrix na ƙarfe. Wannan kayan yana da nauyi mai nauyi, mafi girman ƙarfi-zuwa-nauyi, kuma yana da halayen shaye-shayen kuzari, manyan halayen damping da halayen shakar girgiza. Ƙungiyar sandwich ɗin da aka yi ta cika aluminium kumfa tsakanin manyan bangarori biyu na waje mai ƙarfi na iya haɓaka ƙarfi, sauƙaƙe nauyi da haɓaka aikin rufin zafi lokacin amfani da shi a cikin rukunin rufin jikin motar. Ana amfani dashi a cikin bumpers, katako mai tsayi da wasu sassan ginshiƙai. Zai iya haɓaka ƙarfin shafan ƙarfin kuzari lokacin da ya tashi, kuma yana inganta amincin tasirin yayin rage nauyi.  

Abubuwan Ci Gaban Alloy Aluminum A Cikin Motoci

Daga cikin ƙananan ƙarfe masu nauyi, kodayake ƙarancin ƙarfe na magnesium ya yi ƙasa da na aluminium, farashin magnesium ingot ya fi girma, kuma akwai matsaloli da yawa na fasaha a cikin tsarin kera sassa, kamar rashin ƙarancin mutuƙar-zafi bayanan gami da ƙirar ƙirar fasaha mara kyau na farfajiya ta ƙasa, da ƙaramin matakin haɗin gwiwa Saboda haka, amfani na yanzu a cikin motoci yana da iyaka; yayin da baƙin ƙarfe na titanium da aka yi amfani da su a sararin samaniya suna da ƙarfin ƙarfin injin, amma tsarin ƙira yana da wahala kuma farashin ƙira yana da tsada, wanda ke sa ba a iya amfani da baƙin ƙarfe na titanium wajen kera motoci da yawa. Aluminum gami yana da kyakkyawan ingantaccen aiki dangane da farashi, fasahar kere -kere, kaddarorin injiniya, ci gaba mai ɗorewa (mafi yawan abubuwan aluminium a cikin ɓawon ƙasa, lissafin kashi 8.1%) da sauran fannoni. Sabili da haka, gami na aluminium shine mafi kyawun kayan ƙarfe mai haske a cikin masana'antar kera motoci yanzu da kuma nan gaba.

Kowane kilo 1 na aluminium da ake amfani da shi a cikin mota na iya rage nauyin kansa da kilo 2.25, tare da rage rage nauyi har zuwa 125%, kuma yana iya rage fitar da hayaƙi da kilo 20 a duk tsawon rayuwar motar. Bugu da ƙari, sake amfani da aluminium yana da sauƙi, sai dai ƙarfe. Ana iya gani daga teburin da ke sama cewa kowane kilo 1 na aluminium da ake amfani da shi a cikin mota na iya rage nauyin kansa ta hanyar kilogram 2.25, tare da rage rage nauyi har zuwa 125%, kuma yana iya rage fitar da hayaƙi a duk tsawon rayuwar rayuwa. mota. kg. Bugu da ƙari, aluminium yana da sauƙin maimaitawa, kuma abu ne wanda za a iya sake sarrafa shi gwargwadon iyawa sai ƙarfe. Kusan kashi 90% na aluminium da ake amfani da su a cikin motoci za a iya sake yin amfani da su. Aluminum yana da kyawawan kaddarorin jiki da na sunadarai. Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin simintin gyare -gyare, ƙirƙira da bugun matakai a cikin samar da masana'antu. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kayan ƙarfe waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don ƙera sassa ta hanyoyi daban -daban na simintin gyare -gyare. Ya fi dacewa da matakai masu yawa na simintin matsa lamba. . Koyaya, farashin allurar aluminium har yanzu ya fi na kayan ƙarfe. Abubuwan da aka sake yin amfani da su, kusan kashi 90% na aluminium na mota za a iya dawo dasu kuma a sake sarrafa su. Aluminum yana da kyawawan kaddarorin jiki da na sunadarai. Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin simintin gyare -gyare, ƙirƙira da bugun matakai a cikin samar da masana'antu. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kayan ƙarfe waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don ƙera sassa ta hanyoyi daban -daban na simintin gyare -gyare. Ya fi dacewa da matakai masu yawa na simintin matsa lamba. . Koyaya, farashin allurar aluminium har yanzu ya fi na kayan ƙarfe. Nauyin jikin motar kusan kashi 30% na jimlar nauyin motar, don haka nauyin jikin motar yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. A kan bangarorin ciki da na waje na motar

Yin amfani da faranti na allurar allo maimakon faranti na ƙarfe na iya rage nauyin jiki da kusan 40%-50%; idan ana amfani da kayan rufe murfin aluminium don rage nauyin abin hawa gaba ɗaya da 10%-15%, ana iya ganin tasirin rage nauyi na amfani da faranti na jikin allo yana da mahimmanci. Gilashin Aluminium yana ba da kyakkyawan ƙa'idar aikace -aikace da kuma tsammanin kasuwa a cikin aikace -aikacen ƙananan motoci, wanda babu makawa zai kawo ƙarin dama don aikace -aikacen faranti na allurar mota na aluminium. Sabili da haka, amfani da faranti na aluminium don maye gurbin faranti na ƙarfe don ƙera sassan jiki shima hanya ce da ba makawa don rage nauyin motoci. Duk jikin Sedan na Audi A8 na Jamus an yi shi ne da aluminium, firam ɗin shine tsarin firam uku, kuma an hatimce murfin daga aluminium. Idan aka kwatanta da jikin ƙarfe, irin wannan jikin aluminium yana da raguwar 30-50% a cikin taro da raguwar 5-8% na amfani da mai.

A halin yanzu, yawan samar da motoci na ƙasata ya kasance na huɗu a duniya bayan Amurka, Japan, da Jamus. Dangane da ƙimar alkinta motoci, fasahar ƙasata har yanzu tana da koma baya. A halin yanzu, amfani da aluminium a cikin motoci a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba ya kai kilo 138, kuma adadin alumomin ya kai 12%. Koyaya, amfani da aluminium a cikin motoci a cikin ƙasata yana bayan ƙasashen waje. Matsakaicin amfani da aluminium shine 60kg kawai, kuma ƙimar alumomin ƙasa da 5%. Sabili da haka, haɓakar haɓakar kasuwar allurar aluminium ta ƙasa tana da faɗi sosai. 

Manyan Hanyoyi Hudu Don Aikace -aikacen Gilashin Aluminum 

Fadada aikace -aikacen gami na aluminium a cikin motoci zai haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewa, amma har yanzu akwai sauran hanyoyin gaggawa masu zuwa:   

1. Ana buƙatar inganta aikin takardar allo na aluminium 
2. Kafa rumbun bayanan allo na aluminium don motoci 
3. Ƙaddamar da hanyoyin ƙira, hanyoyin lissafin tsari, da kuma samar da matakai don sassan gami na aluminium
4. Hanyar kwaikwaiyo da hanyar aiwatar da walda 
5. Yi nazarin ilimin halittar ƙasa na kayan gami na aluminium, yin rigakafi kafin zanen, da rigakafin bayan zanen.
6. Illolin gurɓatawa da sauran batutuwa, bayanan da aka tara suna ba da bayanai na asali don tsara tsari don aikace -aikacen alloy na aluminium 
7. Kasuwar gyara ba ta da gogewa da hanyoyin don maidowa da dawo da ƙa'idodin sassan tsarin gami da rufe sassan bayan karo, da gyara walda bayan fashewa.

Da fatan za a adana tushe da adireshin wannan labarin don sake bugawa: A ina ake amfani da sassan Alloy na Aluminum a cikin Motoci?

Minghe Kamfanin 'Yan Wasa Masu Mutu aka sadaukar domin tsirar da samar da inganci da kuma high yi Gyare sassa (karfe mutu simintin sassa Range yafi hada da Thin-Wall Mutu Wasa,Hot Chamber Mutu Wasa,Cold Chamber Mutu Wasa), Zagaye Sabis (Mutuwar 'Yan Wasa,CNC machining,Motsa Motsa, Jiyya na sama) .Adadin al'ada Aluminium ya mutu, magnesium ko Zamak / zinc mutu simintin gyare-gyare da sauran buƙatun simintin maraba don tuntube mu.

Karkashin kulawar ISO9001 da TS 16949, Ana aiwatar da dukkan matakai ta hanyar daruruwan injunan jefa simintin da suka mutu, injunan axis 5, da sauran kayan aiki, tun daga masu fashewa zuwa na’urar Ultra Sonic masu wanki.Minghe ba kawai tana da kayan aiki na zamani ba amma kuma tana da kwararru ƙungiyar ƙwararrun injiniyoyi, masu aiki da sufetoci don tabbatar da ƙirar abokin ciniki ta zama gaskiya.

Manufactureran kwangilar masana'antar mutu. Abubuwan haɓakawa sun haɗa da sassan sanyi na sassan mutuɗar aluminum daga 0.15 lbs. zuwa 6 lbs., saurin canje-canje da aka saita, da aikin inji. Sabis-ƙarin ayyuka sun haɗa da gogewa, faɗakarwa, lalatawa, fashewar harbi, zane, zane, rufi, haɗuwa, da kayan aiki. Abubuwan da aka yi aiki tare sun haɗa da allo irin su 360, 380, 383, da 413.

Zinc ya mutu don jefa ƙirar ƙira / sabis na injiniya tare. Custom manufacturer na daidaici tutiya mutu simintin gyaran kafa. Castananan 'yan simintin gyare-gyare, pressurean ƙwanƙwasa masu juzu'in juzu'in simintin gyare-gyaren juzu'ai, ƙera simintin gyare-gyare na al'ada, ɓangaren mutu da' yan wasa masu mutuwa masu zaman kansu da ƙofar da aka hatimce za a iya ƙera su. Za'a iya kerarrar 'yan simintin a tsayi da faɗi har zuwa 24 a ciki. A cikin +/- 0.0005 a cikin. Haƙuri.  

ISO 9001: 2015 bokan masana'anta ta mutu magnesium, Abubuwan haɓaka sun haɗa da matsin lamba na magnesium mai matsi mai yawa har zuwa tan 200 mai ɗumi mai zafi & 3000 ton mai sanyi, ƙirar kayan aiki, gogewa, gyare-gyaren, inji, foda & zanen ruwa, cikakken QA tare da damar CMM , taro, marufi & isarwa.

ITAF16949 bokan. Servicearin Sabis ɗin Gyare Hadawa zuba jari,yashi,Kushin nauyi, Stauren ɓoye ɓoye,Siffar Centrifugal,Cast Vacuum,Dindindin Mould Gyare, .Hanyoyin iyawa sun hada da EDI, taimakon injiniya, ingantaccen samfuri da aiki na sakandare.

Fitar Masana'antu Abubuwan Nazarin sassa don: Motoci, Bikes, Jirgin sama, kayan kiɗa, Jirgin ruwa, Na'urorin hangen nesa, na'urori masu auna sigina, na'urori masu auna sigina, Na'urori, Kayan lantarki, ,unshi, Clocks, Inji, Injiniya, Kayan Kaya, Kayan Jiki, Jigs, Telecom, Haske, Kayan aikin likita, Na'urar daukar hoto, Robobi, Sassaka, kayan sauti, kayan wasanni, Kayan aiki, Kayan wasa da ƙari. 

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By Minghe Mutu Wasa Wasa | Categories: Labarai masu Taimakawa |Material Tags: Gyare Aluminum, Zinc Gyare, Fitar Magnesium, Castan Wasanni, Bakin Karfe Cast, Fitar tagulla,Gyare Tagulla,Fitar Bidiyo,Tarihin Kamfanin,Aluminum Mutu Gyare | Comments Off